TABLE OF CONTENTS
- What Is An Autonomous Vehicle?
- How Do Self-Driving Cars Work?
- What Are The Pros and Cons of Driverless Cars?
- Advantages of Self-Driving Cars
- Challenges of Self-Driving Cars
- What Autonomous Car Companies Are On The Market?
- The Future of Self-Driving Cars
An autonomous vehicle is broadly defined as one equipped with technology that senses the conditions around it, including traffic, pedestrians, and physical hazards and can adjust its course and speed without a human at the controls. The terms “autonomous” and “self driving cars” are often used interchangeably.
However, as defined by the SAE, formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers, there are six levels of automated driving ranging from full control of a vehicle by a physical driver, assisted by advanced safety technology, to a vehicle that can operate without any on-board human input. Only that top level represents a driverless, or fully autonomous vehicle.
In this feature we’ll define the six levels of what the SAE terms “automated driving,” or AD, the pros and cons of self-driving vehicles, where they’re being used, effects on traffic and the environment and what the prospects are of private citizens being able to own a car that drives itself.
What Is An Autonomous Vehicle?
An autonomous vehicle is defined by the University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Systems as one that uses “technology to partially or entirely replace the human driver in navigating a vehicle from an origin to a destination while avoiding road hazards and responding to traffic conditions.”
The SAE’s six levels of what it terms “automated” driving ranges from the first three levels (which start with zero), where a driver is behind the wheel and in control, but is aided by various automated warnings or safety features such as blind spot warning and automatic emergency braking. Levels 3 and 4 represent technology in which the vehicle is self-driving under certain circ*mstances but may require a human driver to take over. Finally, level 5—a fully autonomous, or self-driving, vehicle that does not require a human to operate the controls. This is the only level at which a vehicle is considered fully autonomous.
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How Do Self-Driving Cars Work?
Self-driving cars see what’s going on around them using three main electronic “eyes”—radar, cameras and laser-based LiDar, which stands for light detection and ranging. All three feed data into on-board processors, using sophisticated software, algorithms and machine learning to send signals to the vehicle’s actuators to trigger appropriate actions such as braking, steering and acceleration.
The array of sensors can detect a wide variety of road features and obstacles such as lane markings, curbs, pedestrians, cyclists or other vehicles. This is done either visually, through cameras, or by bouncing light impulses or radar signals off of surrounding objects. While self-driving automation technologies help improve safety, they are not 100% infallible, and their effectiveness can be diminished when sensors or lane markings are covered by snow or other heavy precipitation.
What Are The Pros and Cons of Driverless Cars?
Self-driving vehicles where there is either what’s known as a “safety driver” on board or no driver at all are currently in use, mainly by fleets that include warehouse yard trucks that transport goods from one contained location to another. Companies such as Kodiak Robotics and Gatik operate self-driving commercial trucks on certain routes with safety drivers on board.
While Kodiak and Gatik aspire to run their trucks with no human on board, taxi services such as Waymo and Cruise are examples of when self-driving technology goes awry. Cruise, a subsidiary of General Motors
Advantages of Self-Driving Cars
Self-driving cars offer a number of advantages over vehicles requiring hands-on drivers including convenience, access to mobility, efficiency, cost-savings and traffic congestion.
For those incapable of driving due to age or disabilities or without access to conventional methods of public transportation, self-driving taxis and other transit vehicles are seen as a way to provide mobility to get to errands, work or medical appointments. Commercial operators see self-driving vehicles as boosting cost-savings and efficiency because they can run for longer hours without having to stop for meals or breaks, and they require fewer employees.
Cars and trucks with self-driving safety technology called automated driver assistance systems, or ADAS, are already reducing traffic congestion and accidents. A report by the National High Traffic Safety Administration notes ADAS helps reduce traffic accidents because they “assist a driver by anticipating imminent dangers and working to avoid them.”
The combination of reducing traffic jams due to accidents and potentially decreasing the number of vehicles on the road when self-driving transit becomes more prevalent provides promising environmental benefits. A University of Michigan study concluded that when “savings from the driving efficiencies associated with self-driving vehicles are factored into the equation, the net result is a reduction in lifetime energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions of up to 9% compared to the conventional vehicles.”
Challenges of Self-Driving Cars
The notion of widely available fully autonomous cars relieving travelers from any of the duties and stresses of driving remains fraught with challenges that range from cost to safety concerns. No matter how well any of the technology works, none of it so far emulates human thought, logic or instincts to make split second decisions.
However, taking the human element out of the equation also eliminates distractions or emotions from affecting the vehicle’s operation. For that reason, fully self-driving cars are viewed as potentially safer since the technology is designed to operate the vehicle safely and logically by detecting and reacting to traffic conditions and the route it’s programmed to follow.
That brings up a question of ethics. Since self-driving cars are basically robots programmed to react a certain way in a given situation, they cannot make an ethical decision, for instance, to avoid a collision. Should the car take action to prevent it from striking a person or a group of people? Germany passed a law prioritizing saving human lives over animals.
Serious accidents such as those in California and Arizona have contributed to fear and concern on the part of many communities that would just as soon not have driverless vehicles plying their streets.
Other challenges to wider adoption of self-driving cars include weather, where sensors and road markings could be obscured by snow, sleet or a hard rain. Overall cost remains a major obstacle to private ownership of fully automated vehicles as well. A 2023 study by McKinsey and Company predicts “By 2030, 12% of new passenger cars are sold with L3+ autonomous technologies, and 37 percent have advanced AD technologies in 2035.”
What Autonomous Car Companies Are On The Market?
Right now the highest level of automation available to consumers are systems such as GM’s Super Cruise, Ford Motor
There are several companies building or operating self-driving vehicles for commercial deliveries and robo transit services.
One of the most successful is Waymo. It operates robotaxi service in San Francisco, Metro Phoenix, and is ramping up in Los Angeles and Austin, Texas. As noted above, GM’s Cruise unit has been less successful after a series of traffic accidents. Gatik operates autonomous trucks that deliver goods from distribution points to retail locations, while Kodiak Robotics adds its autonomous technology to semi-trucks running long-haul and local routes for such companies as Kroger
The Future of Self-Driving Cars
Consumer appetite for leaving the driving to technology is growing and they’re willing to pay for it, leading automakers to boost ADAS and other automation offerings, perhaps paving the way for fully self-driving cars and trucks to one day be available and affordable for individuals.
Based on consumer interest in automated driving features and commercial solutions available on the market today, in its report, McKinsey predicted ADAS and AD could generate between $300 billion and $400 billion in the passenger car market by 2035.
Indeed, the world will likely be affected in five key ways, according to artificial intelligence company Allerin: fewer traffic accidents, reduced car ownership, automated logistics including deliveries, improved livability due less noise and air pollution from fewer vehicles on the road and no parking or traffic tickets since autonomous vehicles can pick up and drop off passengers then go on their way.
It’s not certain if all cars will eventually operate without a human behind the wheel and at least partially in control. According to McKinsey, any transition will be at a snail’s pace, projecting that in 2030, only 4% of new passenger cars sold will be installed with level 3 or higher automation functions, increasing to just 17% in 2035.
Bottom Line
Don’t discard your favorite driving cap yet. While automakers are rapidly offering more sophisticated automated driver assist technologies, full, self-driving vehicles are likely to remain primarily in the realm of fleets and commercial operators for the foreseeable future.
