What Key Factor Played Into Cesare Beccaria's Formula For Making People Obey The Law? Harshness Retribution (2024)

Social Studies High School

Answers

Answer 1

Cesare Beccaria was a prominent Italian philosopher and criminologist who believed that harsh punishments and retributions were not effective in deterring crime and making people obey the law.

Instead, he advocated for a more fair and just approach to justice, focusing on the prevention of crime through a well-organized and efficient bureaucracy. Beccaria believed that the key factor in making people obey the law was the fairness of the justice system. He argued that laws should be clear and easily understandable, and that punishments should be proportional to the severity of the crime committed. He also believed that the justice system should be free from corruption and bias, and that the accused should have the right to a fair trial. In addition, Beccaria emphasized the importance of a well-organized and efficient bureaucracy in enforcing the law. He believed that the government should be responsible for maintaining law and order, and that the police and judicial system should work together to ensure that justice is served. This required a clear division of labor and a well-defined system of laws and regulations. Overall, Beccaria's formula for making people obey the law was based on the principles of fairness, justice, and efficiency. By creating a just and efficient system of law enforcement, Beccaria believed that crime could be prevented and society could be made safer and more secure.

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Related Questions

other names for changeover reduction are quick changeover, set-up reduction and...

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One other common name for changeover reduction is SMED, which stands for Single Minute Exchange of Die.

This term was coined by Shigeo Shingo, a Japanese industrial engineer and Toyota production system expert. The idea behind SMED is to reduce the time it takes to switch from producing one product to another, to as little as possible, ideally in a single-digit number of minutes.
Quick changeover, set-up reduction, and SMED are all part of lean manufacturing principles, which focus on maximizing efficiency and minimizing waste in the production process. By reducing changeover times, companies can increase their productivity, reduce costs, and be more responsive to customer demands.
There are a number of techniques that can be used to achieve changeover reduction, including standardizing work processes, simplifying equipment and tooling, using visual aids to streamline the process, and engaging employees in continuous improvement efforts. Ultimately, the goal is to make changeover a seamless and efficient part of the manufacturing process, rather than a time-consuming and disruptive activity.

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a society in which personal success is based on talent and individual effort is referred to as:

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A society in which personal success is based on talent and individual effort is often referred to as a meritocracy.

In a meritocratic society, individuals are rewarded and achieve success based on their abilities, skills, and hard work rather than factors such as social status, family background, or other arbitrary characteristics.

The concept of meritocracy suggests that individuals who possess talent, intelligence, and work diligently will have greater opportunities for advancement and success. The meritocratic ideal implies that individuals have equal opportunities to succeed and that social mobility is primarily determined by individual merit. However, it is important to note that in reality, societal factors such as access to education, resources, and opportunities can influence one's ability to succeed, potentially challenging the notion of a purely merit-based system.

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The events described in the passage most directly caused which of the following events?

1 point

(1) Open Door Policy

(2) Spanish-American War

(3) Boxer Rebellion

Answers

The question requires an understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between events described in a passage and their broader historical consequences. The most direct event that was caused by the events described in the passage is the Spanish-American War.

The passage likely describes the lead-up to the war, which was triggered by a combination of factors such as American interest in Cuban independence, Spanish economic interests in Cuba, and the explosion of the USS Maine. The war lasted for a brief period between April and August 1898, with the US emerging as the victor and gaining control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

The war marked a significant shift in US foreign policy towards imperialism and signaled its emergence as a world power. Thus, the events described in the passage, which may include the political, economic, and military tensions between the US and Spain, were the most direct causes of the Spanish-American War.

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resembles textiles made up of decorative panels of abstract and zoomorphic forms. A- Calligraphic page B-carpet page C- scroll page

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B- carpet page. A carpet page is a decorative page in medieval manuscripts that resembles textiles made up of decorative panels of abstract and zoomorphic forms. These pages are typically found in illuminated manuscripts from the Insular art tradition, which encompasses Ireland and Britain.


The type of page that resembles textiles made up of decorative panels of abstract and zoomorphic forms is a carpet page. These pages were often placed at the beginning of the Gospel books or the Psalters in illuminated manuscripts.
To provide a more detailed answer, carpet pages were used to introduce a section of a manuscript and often included ornate designs that included interlacing knotwork, animal motifs, and stylized figures. The designs were created using bright colors and gold leaf, making them visually striking. Carpet pages were influenced by Celtic art, which was known for its intricate patterns and designs. The name "carpet page" comes from the fact that the designs resembled carpets or rugs, with intricate and repeating patterns. Overall, carpet pages are a beautiful example of the intricate artistry that went into creating illuminated manuscripts.

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the cases of anna and genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that

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The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that extreme isolation and neglect can have severe consequences on an individual's cognitive, emotional, and social development.

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that early experiences and socialization have a significant impact on human development.

Both Anna and Genie experienced extreme social isolation during their early childhood, and as a result, they faced severe developmental challenges later in life.

Their cases highlight the importance of social interaction and language development in early childhood, and how these factors shape our cognitive and emotional development.

In conclusion, the cases of Anna and Genie emphasize the critical role of early experiences in shaping human development and the long-term consequences of social isolation.

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T/F Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.

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The correct answer is True. Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.

Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently. Instead, they learn violent behavior through observation and imitation of others, as well as through reinforcement and punishment of their own behavior. According to this theory, violent behavior is not a natural or innate characteristic of individuals, but rather a product of socialization and learning experiences. Social learning theory has been applied to various areas of study, including criminology, psychology, and education, and has been used to explain the development of aggressive and violent behavior in individuals.

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symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:

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The symptoms of sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy often cluster together to form what is commonly known as depression. This cluster of symptoms is caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental stressors, and chemical imbalances in the brain.

Depression can range from mild to severe and can significantly impact a person's quality of life. It is important to seek professional help if you are experiencing any of these symptoms or feel like you may be struggling with depression. Treatment options may include therapy, medication, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches. With the right support and treatment, individuals with depression can learn to manage their symptoms and improve their overall well-being.

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T/F Evidence suggests thatt throughout much of the earth's history, the global climate was Warmer than it is today.

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True. Evidence suggests thatt throughout much of the earth's history, the global climate was Warmer than it is today.

Throughout much of Earth's history, the global climate has been warmer than it is today. There have been numerous periods of warming and cooling, including the Ice Ages, long before human activity began affecting the climate. However, the current warming trend is primarily driven by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, which have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere. This has caused the Earth's temperature to rise at an unprecedented rate and has led to a number of negative impacts on the environment and human societies.

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spoken communication electronically transmitted contains _______ information richness.

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Spoken communication electronically transmitted can contain varying levels of information richness depending on the technology and context of the communication. Generally, spoken communication has a higher level of information richness than written communication.

However, when spoken communication is electronically transmitted, some of these nonverbal cues may be lost or distorted, leading to a reduction in information richness.For example, a phone call can provide a relatively high level of information richness because the speaker can hear the tone of voice and receive immediate feedback from the listener. However, if the call quality is poor or if the call is conducted over a poor connection, some of the information may be lost or misunderstood.

A vedeo conference call or a virtual reality meeting can provide a high level of information richness because participants can see each other's facial expressions and body language, making the communication more natural and effective. However, if the technology is not well-designed or if the participants are not comfortable with the format, the communication may still be less effective than an in-person meeting.

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research shows that simplified jobs lead to all the following except _____.

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Research shows that simplified jobs lead to all the following except job satisfaction.

Simplified jobs refer to jobs where tasks are broken down into smaller and more repetitive tasks, making it easier for employees to perform their duties with less training and expertise. However, this type of work can lead to boredom, monotony, and reduced job satisfaction. Additionally, employees may experience less motivation, leading to decreased productivity and a higher turnover rate. The benefits of simplified jobs may include cost savings, increased efficiency, and reduced error rates. However, these benefits may come at the expense of employee well-being and satisfaction, leading to negative consequences for both employees and the organization as a whole.

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As peoples become acculturated, which habits are likely to be the last to change?
a. language
b. traditional clothing
c. food habits
d. none of the above

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As people become acculturated, food habits are likely to be the last to change. This is because food is closely tied to cultural identity and traditions, and it can be difficult for individuals to adjust to new tastes and flavors.

Additionally, food is often a way of connecting with family and community, so changing eating habits may disrupt social relationships. Language and traditional clothing may also be slow to change, but they are typically more easily adaptable than food habits. Ultimately, the extent to which these habits change depends on the individual and the degree of acculturation they undergo. Some may fully adopt the customs of their new culture, while others may hold onto their traditional practices more tightly.

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Why might a territory owner allow an intruder (or satellite) to stay in its territory? a. To increase its own military strength
b. To prevent the intrusion of a more threatening neighbor c. To exploit the resources of the satellite state d. All of the above

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All of the above options are possible reasons why a territory owner might allow an intruder (or satellite) to stay in its territory.

The owner may benefit from the military support or resources provided by the satellite state, and allowing the intruder to stay may also serve as a buffer against a more threatening neighbor.In the context of international relations, a satellite state is a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent but is heavily influenced by another more powerful country. A satellite state may depend on its patron for economic, military, or political support. The patron state may have allowed the satellite to exist in order to prevent a more threatening country from gaining influence in the region, to exploit the resources or territory of the satellite state, or to increase its own military strength by maintaining a buffer zone.

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It is difficult to predict what an individual will remember for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a) It is difficult to test memory.
b) Individuals will engage in a variety of mnemonic techniques, some more successful than others.
c) Encoding strategies should be adjusted to match testing strategies, but individuals do not always know what the testing strategy will be.
d) Memory acquisition depends on previous knowledge, and everyone has different knowledge.

Answers

It is difficult to predict what an individual will remember due to a variety of reasons. One reason is that testing memory can be a challenging task.

There are different ways of testing memory, such as recall, recognition, and relearning, and individuals may perform differently on each of them. Additionally, individuals may use a variety of mnemonic techniques to aid memory retention. Some of these techniques may be more successful than others, and the extent to which they are used can vary depending on the individual. Moreover, encoding strategies, which are used to store information in memory, should be adjusted to match the testing strategies.

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under the articles of confederation, _____ votes were required on important matters.

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Under the Articles of Confederation, nine votes were required on important matters.

The Articles of Confederation were the first governing document of the United States of America, created in 1777 and ratified in 1781. The document established a confederation of thirteen states, which agreed to work together for their mutual benefit and protection.
The Articles of Confederation gave significant powers to the individual states, and the central government had limited authority. However, there were certain matters that required a supermajority of nine states to approve, such as declaring war, making treaties, and coining money. Additionally, any amendments to the Articles of Confederation required unanimous approval from all thirteen states.
The weakness of the Articles of Confederation became apparent in the years following its ratification, as the central government struggled to maintain control and enforce its decisions. This led to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which drafted a new constitution that created a stronger central government with more power and authority. The new constitution was ratified in 1788 and is still the governing document of the United States today.

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what was the nature of the scandal surrounding the sat reasoning test in the spring of 2006?
a. The College Board admitted that there was a scoring error that incorrectly scored more than 4,000 tests, with the errors tending to underestimate scores. b. The College Board admitted that there was a scoring error that incorrectly scored all of the tests taken in October 2005, and that those scores were overestimated by 10 to 25%.
c. The College Board announced that new research showed that the SAT does not accurately predict college outcomes. d. The College Board announced that one’s high school grade point average (GPA) is a stronger predictor of college GPA in the first year than is the SAT.

Answers

The nature of the scandal surrounding the SAT Reasoning Test in the spring of 2006 was option A. The College Board admitted that there was a scoring error that incorrectly scored more than 4,000 tests.

The errors tended to underestimate scores, which caused students to receive lower scores than they actually earned. The issue was addressed by the College Board, and they took measures to correct the scoring errors and ensure that it would not happen again in the future. This scandal caused concern among students, parents, and educators about the reliability of the SAT scores and raised questions about the fairness of the testing process. The incident also highlighted the importance of ensuring accuracy and transparency in standardized testing, which can have a significant impact on students' academic and professional futures.
The nature of the scandal surrounding the SAT Reasoning Test in the spring of 2006 was related to a scoring error. The College Board admitted that more than 4,000 tests were incorrectly scored, with the errors tending to underestimate scores. This issue raised concerns about the reliability of the test and impacted students who had taken the test in October 2005. As a result, the College Board took measures to address the scoring error and reassess their scoring processes to ensure accuracy and fairness for all test-takers in the future.

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an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior is referred to as

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An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior is referred to as moral reasoning.

Moral reasoning is the process by which individuals evaluate and make judgments about what is right and wrong, and how to act in accordance with moral principles. It involves the use of cognitive and emotional processes to determine the moral implications of a situation, and to make a decision about how to act in accordance with moral principles.

Moral reasoning is an important aspect of moral development, as it allows individuals to develop a personal sense of right and wrong, and to make decisions that are consistent with their moral beliefs. It also helps individuals to evaluate the actions of others, and to determine whether those actions are morally appropriate or not.

Moral reasoning is different from moral judgment, which involves making a decision about whether a particular action is right or wrong without considering the moral implications or the reasons behind the action. Moral reasoning, on the other hand, involves considering the moral implications of a situation, and making a decision based on that consideration.

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Full Question;

an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior is referred to as_____

Read the quote about Charlemagne. “The man who led the Franks to victory and so created modern Europe was Charles the Great... Without Charles and the legend of Charles Europe would have had a different history and a different character.” Which of Charlemagne’s accomplishments might this writer have had in mind in crediting Charlemagne with the creation of “modern Europe”? Select the TWO correct answers. Answer by today, please.

A. He established a peace that lasted for centuries.

B. He blocked the power of the popes.

C. He helped spread Christianity.

D. He encouraged the creation of schools.

Answers

It's possible that this author had Charlemagne's accomplishments in mind when attributing "modern Europe" to him.

A. He brought about a peace that persisted for generations.

C. He promoted Christian missionary work.

A member of a religious organisation, a missionary is sent into a community to spread their religion or provide services to the locals, such as social justice, economic development, education, and health care. The Latin version of the Bible quotes Jesus Christ as using the word when he sends the disciples out into the world and commands them to proclaim the gospel in his name.

Although it can apply to any ideology or belief, the phrase is most frequently used in relation to Christian missions. The Latin missionem (nom. missio), which meaning "act of sending" or "to send," is where the word "mission" originates. It alludes to the Jesuits' sending of Society of Jesus members in 1598.

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for which of the following would the use of stress-inoculation training be most effective?

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Stress-inoculation training is a form of therapy designed to help individuals cope with stressful situations. This type of training involves teaching individuals skills and techniques that can help them manage stress and anxiety more effectively.

Stress-inoculation training is particularly effective for individuals who experience high levels of stress on a regular basis or who are exposed to stressful situations on a regular basis. For example, stress-inoculation training may be particularly effective for individuals who work in high-stress jobs such as healthcare professionals, first responders, or members of the military.

These individuals are often exposed to highly stressful situations on a daily basis, and stress-inoculation training can help them learn how to cope with these situations more effectively. Stress-inoculation training may also be effective for individuals who are dealing with specific phobias or anxiety disorders.

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The power of a leader that comes from the respect, admiration, and loyalty of subordinates is known as: A. reward power. B. transient power.

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The power of a leader that comes from the respect, admiration, and loyalty of subordinates is known as referent power. Referent power is a type of personal power that a leader acquires through their personality traits, behavior, and social skills.

It is based on the respect and admiration that subordinates have for the leader, rather than on their formal position or ability to provide rewards or punishments. Leaders who possess referent power are able to influence their subordinates without relying on their formal authority or position.

The power of a leader that comes from the respect, admiration, and loyalty of subordinates is known as A. reward power.

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The power of a leader that comes from the respect, admiration, and loyalty of subordinates is known as referent power. Referent power is a type of personal power that a leader acquires through their personality traits, behavior, and social skills.

It is based on the respect and admiration that subordinates have for the leader, rather than on their formal position or ability to provide rewards or punishments. Leaders who possess referent power are able to influence their subordinates without relying on their formal authority or position.

The power of a leader that comes from the respect, admiration, and loyalty of subordinates is known as A. reward power.

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a research question becomes a hypothesis when it is stated as a prediction that can be tested. True or false?

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True.A research question is a broad and open-ended inquiry that aims to explore a certain topic or phenomenon.

On the other hand, a hypothesis is a specific and testable statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is often based on prior knowledge, observations, or theories and is formulated to guide the research and provide a clear direction for the investigation.Once a research question has been identified, it is refined and translated into a hypothesis that can be empirically tested through research methods such as experiments, surveys, or observations. Therefore, a hypothesis is a more precise and focused statement that aims to answer the research question by providing a testable explanation or prediction of the phenomena under study.

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Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change in some way are referred to as: A. variables.
B. constants.
C. operational definitions.
D. hypotheses.

Answers

The correct answer to your question is A. variables. In scientific research, variables refer to any aspect, behavior, event, or characteristic that can be measured, manipulated, or controlled.

The variables are usually categorized as independent, dependent, or intervening variables, depending on their role in the study. Independent variables are the factors that the researcher manipulates or controls to test their impact on the dependent variables, which are the outcomes or behaviors of interest. Intervening variables are those that mediate or moderate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. In contrast, constants are the factors that remain stable and do not change during the study, while operational definitions refer to the specific procedures, measures, or criteria used to operationalize the variables.

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most police agencies are organized in a(n) ______ manner.

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Most police agencies are organized in a hierarchical manner. This structure enables clear communication and efficient decision-making within the organization.

Most police agencies are organized in a hierarchical manner, with clear lines of authority and chain of command. This structure ensures that tasks are delegated effectively and that communication flows smoothly throughout the agency.

It also allows for a clear distribution of responsibilities and accountability among officers and supervisors. However, some police agencies have adopted a more community-oriented approach, which emphasizes partnerships with the community and a collaborative approach to problem-solving.

This approach is characterized by a flatter organizational structure, with more emphasis on teamwork and communication among officers and community members.

Ultimately, the organizational structure of a police agency is determined by the agency's goals, resources, and the needs of the community it serves.

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Studies show that visuals can improve learning by up to ________ percent. A) 50 B) 100 C) 200 D) 400

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True. Studies suggest that visuals can significantly improve learning outcomes by enhancing retention and comprehension of information, with improvements up to 400 percent in some cases.

Visual aids can help students learn more effectively by helping them remember and comprehend concepts, according to studies. Depending on the study and the sort of visuals employed, the precise improvement percentage varies, however some research indicates that visuals can increase learning by up to 400 percent. This is so that learners may more easily understand difficult material that has been spelt out in diagrams, charts, and graphs. Visuals can also aid to activate various brain regions, which can improve memory and comprehension. Visual or kinesthetic learners benefit most from the use of images since they may interact with the material in a way that seems more natural to them.

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The question ""When will it happen again?"" refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description. b) explanation. c) prediction. d) control.

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The question "When will it happen again?" refers to the goal of: prediction in psychology. The correct option is C.

Prediction is one of the four main goals of psychology, which also include description, explanation, and control. The goal of prediction involves using gathered information and understanding of various psychological phenomena to anticipate and forecast future events or behaviors.

This is important because it allows psychologists and other professionals to create interventions, develop strategies, and make informed decisions based on expected outcomes. In contrast, description focuses on observing and defining behaviors or events, explanation seeks to uncover the reasons and causes behind these behaviors or events, and control aims to manage or alter behaviors and their consequences.

Overall, prediction plays a crucial role in advancing psychological knowledge and improving individual and societal well-being. The correct option is C.

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Complete question:

The question ""When will it happen again?"" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

a) description.

b) explanation.

c) prediction.

d) control.

The difference between "I know" and "I remember" is the same as the difference between _____

Answers

Answer:

"I know" and "I remember" both refer to possessing information, but the difference between the two is that "I know" implies a more general understanding of a fact or piece of information, while "I remember" suggests a personal recollection or retrieval of a specific memory.

One analogy that could illustrate this difference is the difference between "I have a map" and "I have been to that place before." The former implies a possession of information, while the latter suggests a personal experience and familiarity with the place in question.

​In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light duringa. ​periods of relative calm.b. ​hypnosis or psychotherapy.c. ​dreams.d. ​everyday life tasks.

Answers

In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during periods of relative calm, hypnosis or psychotherapy, and dreams.

These memories can be triggered by a variety of factors, including current stressors or situations that resemble the original abuse. However, it is important to note that memories recovered through hypnosis or therapy may not always be accurate, as these methods can sometimes lead to the creation of false memories. Additionally, it is important to approach recovered memories with caution and seek professional help to process and cope with them.
Studies have shown that long-repressed memories can also come to light during everyday life tasks. For example, a survivor of childhood sexual abuse may suddenly remember a traumatic incident while doing a routine task such as brushing their teeth. This can be a challenging experience, as the survivor may feel overwhelmed and triggered by the sudden flood of memories. In these cases, it is important to seek support from a therapist or counselor who specializes in trauma recovery.
Overall, the recovery of repressed memories can be a complex and difficult process. It is important for survivors to approach this process with patience and self-compassion, and to seek professional help if needed. Recovery is possible, and with the right support, survivors can learn to live fulfilling lives beyond their trauma.

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entering the of a prison means finding in the diverse environment of the institution a niche that will accommodate an inmate's unique combination of needs. question 9 options: sub-rosa economy private culture boys' club public domain

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Entering the public domain of a prison means finding a niche within the diverse environment of the institution that can accommodate an inmate's unique combination of needs.

This means that once a person enters a prison, they must navigate and find a place within the existing social structure of the facility. This may involve finding a group of individuals with similar interests or needs, developing relationships with staff or other inmates, or finding a specific role or function within the prison society. The public domain refers to the shared space and social structures within the prison that are accessible to all inmates, rather than private or hidden spaces or activities.

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Eliminating food taboos is NOT a form of applied anthropology
Question 71 options:
True
False

Answers

False. Eliminating food taboos is indeed a form of applied anthropology, as it deals with practical applications of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems and cultural practices.

Eliminating food taboos can actually be a form of applied anthropology. Applied anthropology is the practical application of anthropological theories and methods to solve real-world problems. In the case of food taboos, an anthropologist could work with a community to understand the reasons behind certain food taboos and help the community find alternative ways to maintain cultural traditions and beliefs while also incorporating new foods and practices. So, while eliminating food taboos outright may not be the goal, applying anthropological principles to address cultural practices is a valid form of applied anthropology.

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aceable students take the driving knowledge test within the aceable program, not at the dps office
true or false

Answers

True. Aceable students can take the driving knowledge test within the Aceable program, not at the Department of Public Safety (DPS) office.

This is a convenient feature for students as it allows them to complete the test in a familiar environment and potentially reduces test anxiety. Aceable is an online platform that offers driver education courses and enables students to learn at their own pace. One of the key benefits of this program is the ability to take the driving knowledge test within the Aceable app, instead of going to the DPS office. This not only saves time but also offers a comfortable testing environment for students.

Upon successful completion of the driving knowledge test within the Aceable program, students can then visit the DPS office for their behind-the-wheel test. It is essential for students to provide proof of their completed Aceable course and the passed knowledge test when visiting the DPS office for the next step in obtaining their driver's license.

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a local ordinance states that no sign can extend more than two feet above the roofline. the morgans want to put a sign on their roof, but the sign is six feet high. to install their sign legally, the morgans must apply for a:

Answers

The Morgans want to put a sign on their roof, but the sign is six feet high. To install their sign legally, the Morgans must apply for a variance. Thus, option C is correct.

A non-warranty action, often known as a quitclaim deed, provides the person who received it with some degree of security. Every present ownership stake the grantor currently holds in this asset is transferred by this sort of deed in variance. No sign may protrude more than a couple of feet over the rooftop, according to a legal code. These items of property remain in the home after someone moves out for the benefit of the subsequent owner.

Therefore, option C is correct.

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The question is incomplete, Complete question probably will be is:

A local ordinance states that no sign can extend more than two feet above the roofline. The Morgans want to put a sign on their roof, but the sign is six feet high. To install their sign legally, the Morgans must apply for a:

a. sign clearance

b. nonconforming use permit

c. variance

d. residual

What Key Factor Played Into Cesare Beccaria's Formula For Making People Obey The Law? Harshness Retribution (2024)

FAQs

What were the key works of Cesare Beccaria? ›

He is well remembered for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology and the classical school of criminology.

What are the three key principles of Beccaria? ›

Classical deterrence theory outlines three critical factors that influence the decision-making processes of potential offenders: certainty, celerity, and severity of punishment (Beccaria, 1764; Bentham, 1789).

What are the three factors observed by Beccaria? ›

The works of Beccaria, Bentham, and Becker led to a theory of criminal deterrence involving a three- pronged approach in which certainty, celerity, and severity of punishment work together to increase the cost of an action so that a rational person will determine that the cost outweighs the benefit.

What is the most important characteristic of punishment according to Beccaria? ›

According to Beccaria, punishment may only be used if and when it serves to prevent crime. Since man is seen as a free and responsible being, deterrence is the only imaginable form of crime prevention.

What were the ideas on law reform of Cesare Beccaria? ›

Beccaria emphasized individual dignity within the criminal justice system. He stood against the use of torture and capital punishment. The ideas presented in his 1765 treatise had great influence upon major political documents of the era, not the least of which was the U.S. Constitution.

What was Beccaria's famous quote? ›

If he be not guilty, you torture the innocent; for, in the eye of the law, every man is innocent, whose crime has not been proved.

What are the three main principles of classical criminology? ›

Central tenets of the classical school of criminology include rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, and due process. Hedonism is when people seek to avoid pain and pursue pleasure. The classical school of criminology influenced modern judicial systems because the latter assumes rationality of citizens.

What did Cesare Beccaria think of the economy? ›

Beccaria argued that the value of goods is in inverse proportion to their quantity and the number of sellers and in direct proportion of competing buyers, of the tax, of the labor force and of the importance of transport (a formula later taken up by Verri).

Did Beccaria say the right to bear arms? ›

“The laws which forbid men to bear arms … only disarm those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes,” Cesare Beccaria, an Italian scholar and founder of the modern science of criminology, wrote in his 1764 treatise on the subject.

What did Cesare Beccaria argue? ›

According to Beccaria, good punishment was one which was clear, swift, and appropriate. He greatly opposed torture and capital punishment, arguing they were inhuman and ineffective practices. Punishment should deter people from committing crimes and create pain.

What are the three key elements of punishment? ›

The severity, certainty and celerity (swiftness) of punishment are theorised to influence offending through deterrence. Yet celerity is rarely included in empirical studies of criminal activity and the three deterrence factors have never been analysed in one empirical model.

What are the three factors of punishment? ›

The deterrence theory is a theory of punishment that has three components: certainty, celerity, and severity. 1) Certainty: A person must know that the punishment will be imposed.

What was Beccaria's main idea? ›

Beccaria believed that people have a rational manner and apply it toward making choices that will help them achieve their own personal gratification. In Beccaria's interpretation, law exists to preserve the social contract and benefit society as a whole.

What did Cesare Beccaria think about human nature? ›

Human nature is limited no less in evil than in good. Excessive barbarity can never be more than temporary, it being impossible that it should be supported by a permanent system of legislation; for if the laws be too cruel, they must be altered, or anarchy and impunity will succeed.

What are the three elements of deterrence? ›

Deterrence Theory has three components: certainty, celerity, and severity of punishment, all of which aim to prevent both individuals who may commit a crime as well as other members of society from participating in unwanted behavior.

Who is the father of criminology? ›

Cesare Lombroso: The Father of Criminology Redefined.

What was Cesare Lombroso's theory? ›

Cesare Lombroso was the founder of the Italian school of positivist criminology, which argued that a criminal mind was inherited and could be identified by physical features and defects. Lombroso, while not aware of Gregor Johann Mendel's work on heredity, was inspired by Franz Joseph Gall's phrenological theories.

Who created classical theory criminology? ›

Enlightenment philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare de Beccaria are credited with the founding of the classical school of criminology. Central tenets of the classical school of criminology include rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, and due process.

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